AP Chemistry
AP Chemistry
Overview of Included Notes & Information:
#1: Stoichiometry Review Notes
Molar Mass &Mole Ratios
Percent Composition
Limiting Reactants
Hydrates
Empirical & Molecular Formulas
#2: Electron Configuration, Atomic Structure, and Periodicity Notes
Periodic Trends (& Exceptions)
Electron Affinity
Ionization Energy
Coulomb's Law & Rules of Coulombic Attraction
Atomic Structure
Isotopes + Weighted Average Mass
Energy, Wavelength, & the EM Spectrum
Emission Spectrum & Series
Rules for Filling Orbitals
Bohr's Postulates & Issues with His Model
Para vs Diamagnetic Elements
#3: PES, Properties of Elements, and Quantum Numbers Notes
Electron Configuration
Quantum Numbers
Photoelectron Spectroscopy (PES) Charts
Properties of & Reactions with Metals & Nonmetals
Isoelectronic Series
Ionic Radii Trends
Overview of Included Notes & Information:
#1: Bonds and Structure
Lattice Energy
Alloys & Mixtures
Lewis Structures
Octet Rule (& Exceptions)
Formal Charge
Bond Order
Resonance Structures
#2: VSEPR and Polarity
VSEPR Theory
Bonding & Non-bonding Domains
Electron Geometry (1 to 6 domains)
Bond Angles
Polarity of Bonds & of Molecules
Dipoles & Dipole Movement
#3: Hybridization, Pi/Sigma Bonding, & Dissolution
Hybridization Theory
Molecular Orbital Theory (MOT)
How Bonding Works
Sigma & Pi Bonds
Dissolution & How to Know if it is Endothermic or Exothermic
Overview of Included Notes & Information:
#1: Intermolecular Forces
Intermolecular Forces (IMFs)
London Dispersion Forces (LDFs)
Dipole-Dipole Interactions
Hydrogen Bonding
Strengths of IMFs
Bonding vs Structure
Polarizability
#2: Chromatography
IMFs by Strength
Boiling Point
Vapor Pressure
Viscosity & Surface Tension
IMFs and Solubility
Capillary Motion
Thin Layers Chromatography (TLC)
Mobile & Stationery Phase
Retention Factor
Overview of Included Notes & Information:
#1: RedOx Reactions
Oxidation Numbers
How to Calculate
Rules & Exceptions
Oxidation and Reduction
Half-Reactions
Balancing RedOx Reactions
Solving in Acidic vs Basic Environments
#2: Kinetic Molecular Theory and Gas Laws
Postulates of Kinetic Molecular Theory
Gas Laws
Ideal vs Real Gases (& how IMFs Affect This)
VanderWaal's Law
Dalton's Law of Partial Pressure
Molar Fraction ("X")
Diffusion & Effusion
Root Mean Squared Average Velocity
Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution Graphs
Overview of Included Notes & Information:
#1: Rates of Reaction and Rate Laws
Collision Theory
Rates of Reaction
Rate Order
Zeroth, First, & Second Rate Orders
Graphs & Equations to Determine
Linearization
Rate Law & Rate Constant (k)
Basic Rate Problems
#2: Half Life and Reaction Mechanisms
Arrhenius Equation
Activation Energy (on a graph)
Determining Rate Order
Half Life & Half Life Equations
Rate Problems with 2+ Reactants
Mechanisms
Slow Steps
Intermediates & Catalysts
Overview of Included Notes & Information:
#1: Thermochemistry Review and Enthalpy
Energy, Heat, & Temperature
System/Surrounding, Endothermic vs Endothermic
Heat Capacity
Enthalpy
Laws of Thermodynamics
Heating-Cooling Curves & Phase Changes
ΔH latent
Standard Heat of Reaction & Formation
Calculating Heat of Reaction
By Definition
Hess' law
Bond Energy
Overview of Included Notes & Information:
#1: Equilibrium and Le Chatelier's Principle
Equilibrium
Equilibrium Constant
Rate Constant (k) vs Equilibrium Constant (K)
What K Depends On
Manipulations with K
Principles of Le Chatelier
#2: Kc, Kp, and ICE Charts
Quotient (Q)
Q vs K
How Q Relates to Which Reaction Direction is Favored
Kp
Equations with Kp and Kc
ICE Charts
Example ICE Chart Problems
x < 5% Rule
#3: Ksp and Solubility Equilibrium
Ksp
Quotient and Ksp
What Ksp Depends On
Solubility
Saturated Solutions
Examples of Ksp/Solubility Problems (3)
Overview of Included Notes & Information:
#1: Acids/Bases and pH/pKa
Acid/Base Definitions (3 Kinds)
Strong Acids (7) and Bases (10)
Successive Ionization
Acid/Base Properties
Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs
Amphoteric/Amphiprotic Subtances
Equivalent Mass
Self-Ionization of Water
Kw, pH, & pOH
pH Significant Figures
Ka & Kb
Comparative Strength of Acids/Bases
Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation
Sample Problems
#2: Titrations
Conjugate Acid/Base Pair Dissociation
Titration
Acid/Base Indicators
Titration Curves (& Examples)
5 Key Points of Titration Curves (How to Find, Examples, & Significance)
Initial pH
Buffer Region
Half-Equivalence Point
Equivalence Point
Excess Titrant Region
Percent Ionization/Dissociation
Common Ion Effect
Oxyacids & Carboxylic Acids
#3: Buffers
Salts and pH
Buffers
How They Work
Equations for Acids vs Bases
Buffer Range vs Buffer Capacity
How to Prepare Buffers
Buffer Calculations (Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation!)
Overview of Included Notes & Information:
#1: Entropy, Thermodynamic Favorability, & Gibbs Free Energy
Spontaneity/Favorability
Amount of Energy & Energy Dispersion Prospective
Entropy
What it Depends on
Equations
Gibbs Free Energy & Favorability
Thermoequilibrium
Equations
Example
#2: Electrochemical (Galvanic/Voltaic) Cells
Electrons
Electric Potential (Voltage)
RedOx Review
Galvanic Cells
Reduction Potential
Cathode & Anode
Salt Bridge
Spontaneity of Cell
Standard Reduction Potential of the Cell
Cell Notation
Specific H2O Equations
#3: Electrochemistry Equations and Electrolysis
Electrochemistry Equations
Relating Gibbs Free Energy to Cell Potential
Nernst Equation
Electrolysis
Electrolysis vs Galvanic Cell
Calculating Charge/Mass/Current/Time
Cathode vs Anode Properties
Overview of Included Notes & Information:
#1: OChem Lecture 1
Intro to Organic Chemistry
Lewis Structures
Resonance
Formal Charge
Isomers
Functional Groups
Nomenclature
#2: OChem Lecture 2
Acids and Bases
Effects of Acid Strength
Stereochemistry
Additional info on chair conformations and newmann projections
#3: OChem Lecture 3
Alkene Reactions
Sn1/Sn2/E1/E2
Addition Reactions
Organic Redox
Oxadative Cleavage
#4: OChem Lecture 4
Carbonyl Reactions
Alcohol/Amine addition
Grignard Reactions
Enolate Chemistry
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution
Friedyl-Crafts
Directing Groups